Jackie

How can different theory baseline come to the view on the existence of black hole?
 * __KNOWLEDGE ISSUES __**

Since the limitation of the knowledge and the true theory of black hole, human never find out the reality, people can just based on the observation and prediction of what truly it is like and the theory behind it.
 * __KI AND THE TOPIC __**


 * __PERSPECTIVES __**
 * Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity predicts the existence of the black hole. In 1915, a few months after the development of Einstein’s theory, Karl Schwarzschild found the solution of Einstein’s equation, which lead to the concept of Schwarzschild radius, due to theory of relativity for the gravitational field of the mass and spherical mass, which theoretically approves that black hole could actually exist.
 * The Schwarzschild radius is the largest radius that a body with a specific mass can have and still keep light from escaping. If containing a correspondingly sufficient amount of mass, the force of gravity from the contained mass would be so great that d egeneracy pressure could stop the mass from continuing to collapse in volume into a point of infinite density. Therefore nothing, not even a particle moving at the speed of light, can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole.
 *  Stephen Hawking later in 1974 showed an opposing view to the existence of black hole. In his studies in the quantum field theory, he points out that if black hole radiation is correct then black holes will give off a thermal spectrum of radiation and therefore its mass will shrink and evaporate over time. Therefore, Hawking concludes that the usual rules of quantum mechanics cannot apply for black holes.
 * Later by according to a physicist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, he assumed that black hole indeed cannot exist. Observations of the motions of galaxies have shown that some 70% of the universe seems to be composed of dark energy that is driving the universe's accelerating expansion. He thinks that the dark energy generates the so-called black holes, and which means that what we regard as black holes are stars that contain dark energy. The real black hole does not exist.


 * __SUPPORTING QUOTES __**
 * “Consideration of particle emission from black holes would seem to suggest that God not only plays dice, but also sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen.”
 * “In the fall of 1967, [I was invited] to a conference ... on pulsars. ... In my talk, I argued that we should consider the possibility that the center of a pulsar is a gravitationally completely collapsed object. I remarked that one couldn't keep saying 'gravitationally completely collapsed object' over and over. One needed a shorter descriptive phrase. 'How about black hole?' asked someone in the audience. I had been searching for the right term for months, mulling it over in bed, in the bathtub, in my car, whenever I had quiet moments. Suddenly this name seemed exactly right. When I gave a more formal Sigma Xi-Phi Beta Kappa lecture ... on December 29, 1967, I used the term, and then included it in the written version of the lecture published in the spring of 1968. (As it turned out, a pulsar is powered by 'merely' a neutron star, not a black hole.)”
 *  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">“When the star had exhausted its nuclear fuel, there would be nothing to maintain the outward pressure, and the star would begin to collapse because of its own gravity. As the star shrank, the gravitational field at the surface would become stronger and the escape velocity would increase. By the time the radius had got down to 10 kilometers the escape velocity would have increased to 100,000 kilometers per second, the velocity of light. After that time any light emitted from the star would not be able to escape to infinity but would be dragged back by the gravitational field. According to the special theory of relativity nothing can travel faster than light, so that if light cannot escape, nothing else can either. The result would be a black hole: a region of space-time from which it is not possible to escape to infinity.”
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">“The quantum theory of gravity has opened up a new possibility, in which there would be no boundary to space-time and so there would be no need to specify the behaviour at the boundary. There would be no singularities at which the laws of science broke down and no edge of space-time at which one would have to appeal to God or some new law to set the boundary conditions for space-time. One could say: 'The boundary condition of the universe is that it has no boundary.' The universe would be completely self-contained and not affected by anything outside itself. It would neither be created nor destroyed. It would just BE.”
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">“In quantum theory, particles can be created out of energy in the form of particle/antiparticle pairs. But that just raises the question of where the energy came from. The answer is that the total energy of the universe is exactly zero. The matter in the universe is made out of positive energy. However, the matter is all attracting itself by gravity. Two pieces of matter that are close to each other have less energy than the same two pieces a long way apart, because you have to expend energy to separate them against the gravitational force that is pulling them together. Thus, in a sense, the gravitational field has negative energy. In the case of a universe that is approximately uniform in space, one can show that this negative gravitational energy exactly cancels the positive energy represented by the matter. So the total energy of the universe is zero.”
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">“Today scientists describe the universe in terms of two basic partial theories—the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They are the great intellectual achievements of the first half of this century. The general theory of relativity describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe.”

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;"> > []
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">BIBLIOGRAPHY __**
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A brief history of time, Stephen Hawking
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> [] **
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The illustrated a brief history of time, Stephen Hawking
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> [] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics By John Archibald Wheeler, Kenneth William Ford
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> [] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">A brief history of time: from the big bang to black holes By Stephen W. Hawking
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> [] **
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Re-living Einstein's legacy: a brief history of relativity By Shri Ram Verma